Family Life Is Undergoing Drastic Changes as a Result of Industrialization and Modernization. Elaborate.

Family life is undergoing drastic changes as a result of industrialization and modernization. Elaborate. The family has changed a lot throughout time; this is a result of industrialization and modernization. Industrialization refers to mass production of products with machinery in a factory. Modernization is the development of social, cultural, economic and political practices and institutions, which are found in today’s society. Such developments and changes in society may replace religious beliefs with scientific beliefs, replacement of monarchies with democracy systems.After these changes in society the family structure changed; nowadays the family is smaller in size. Today the family only consists of two adults and no more than three children. Other modern family types are symmetrical families, where both parents share conjugal roles. The modified extended family is like the classic extended family but instead of all the family members to live in the same household they li ve close by. Due to death of a partner, divorce or having kids out of wedlock; Single parent families are quite common in todays society as well, this is where a lone parent heads the family.In some societies same sex couples are accepted to have their own family with children as well who are either adopted or surrogate mother. Nowadays the family is no longer a unit of production since it has lost functions due to industrialization and modernization where individuals study for a specific field and are not capable of carrying out certain functions that the family used to do. Therefore the family needs other institutions in the society to be able to live and maintain its family life.Nowadays the society has institutions for health and education; in the past school wasn’t compulsory, and not everyone could afford schooling for their children so they chose to make their children work so the family could earn more money. In the pre-modern society healthcare was not much of a conc ern, in fact it was something that was taken care of by the family†¦nowadays in the society we find a health institutions which therefore takes another function, which the family used to perform.Since the industrialization family changed because the father in the family had to go out of the house to work in a factory instead of working as farmers as most families used to do. This earned the family money so they could buy other products and services from the market since the family is no longer a unit of production. Nowadays religion beliefs are not given much importance and don’t effect most family lives. This is due to secularization, which is when the religion is not given importance when it comes to the country’s business.

Marketing in the Wine Industry Essay

There’s more in a glass of wine than meets the eye, or the palate. Wine isn’t just for the rich and affluent anymore. Everyone can enjoy wine, whether it’s a five dollar bottle or a five hundred dollar bottle. Winemakers and wine distribution companies have come up with new and exciting way to market their wines to people of every tax bracket and all walks of life. (Manda) Marketing in the wine industry is changing. Traditionally, consumers looked to opinion leaders like Robert Parker and the Wine Spectator to find the best wines on the market. While those methods are still effective, winemakers and wine enthusiasts have discovered a new way to spread the word about particular wines. Social media has become the new, hot trend in marketing in just about every industry out there right now. And the wine industry is no exception. Corkd. com is a website for wine drinkers and enthusiasts where users can create their own wine journal, wine cellar, shopping list, and connect with online drinking buddies. This website is one way the wine industry as stepped up to the plate and utilized the opportunities of the internet in marketing. â€Å"Cork’d is your pulse on the wine world and an online playground for all things wine. By collaborating with some of the smartest wine drinkers and industry figures, Cork’d is providing you with the most comprehensive, fun and exciting wine content available. Whether you’re a winery looking for exposure or an events company looking to promote or host a tasting, Cork’d wants to talk to you. Our mission is to breakdown the stereotypes, myths and pretenses surrounding wine culture to help you discover and drink better wines. † (corkd. com) Another factor changing the wine industries marketing strategies is where consumers are buying wine. Chain stores and supermarkets have taken over wine distribution from wholesalers. Costco has become one of the largest wine retailers in the United States. According to Michael Roberto, â€Å"There’s no question that a seismic shift is occurring at the retail and wholesale level. The number of alcoholic beverage wholesalers in the U. S. has decreased by 75 percent since the 1960s. At the retail level, wine sales are increasingly shifting to supermarkets, wholesale clubs, and the like. For instance, Robert Mondavi now sells 10 percent of its wine in unit terms through Costco. These changes in the retail and distribution channels present substantial challenges for wineries, of course, because these powerful players such as Costco have much more clout and bargaining power than small liquor stores. Smaller vineyards often can find it more difficult to secure shelf space, and all wineries find themselves facing pricing pressure from the retail and distribution channels. † Even though many wineries do not like the changes and small retail shops are suffering because of this shift, many consumers are actually profiting from these changes. Winemakers have found another fun way to market their wines simply with their labels. The new â€Å"trend† in the wine business is a funky label. Traditionally, wine labels were simple and to the point. The label had the name of the vineyard, the year, and basic information about the wine in a simple fashion. Recently, winemakers have started to get creative with the names of their wines and the design of their bottles and labels. Now, when you walk down an aisle in a store filled with different wines there are many different bottles that stick out because of loud colors, wild pictures, or crazy names on the label. This is a great form of marketing to use for wine because the bottle itself is a great marketing tool. Many consumers will buy a bottle of wine just because they like how the bottle looks or maybe they are giving it as a gift and the title is something catchy that conveys some type of message that relates to the person who is receiving the wine. For example, there is a wine called â€Å"Bitch† wine. The wine itself is not bad, but its nothing to rave about. One of the main reasons that particular wine is so popular is because of the name. The label is black with pink script font with â€Å"Bitch† printed on the front, and on the back it just repeats the name of the wine over and over again. This wine is marketed to women and is a perfect gift to give a friend as a joke they can enjoy. Women have become a hot target market for wine makers. According to the 2006 Adams Wine Handbook, â€Å"Men prefer beer; women prefer wine,† Many women are emerging as winemakers and marketers are realizing the potential for profit in female consumers. â€Å"Women make up 52 percent of the adult population and purchase 57 percent of the wine consumed in the United States. 1 They represent a huge market with great purchasing power that until recently has been overlooked. According to experts, women are less influenced by wine ratings, as they tend to judge the entire product. Although the wine quality is important to women, so are the label design, the bottle shape and the philosophy of the winery. † (Wine Institute) While there are many new ways to market wine, the traditional methods are still widely used. Promotion in the wine industry is all about putting the name of the winery on everything from wine keys to wine bags to key chains to hats. Wine distribution companies have always been know to give out free merchandise with the name of the wines they sell everywhere. This is a great way to advertise. Consumers love to receive free things and that opens up a great opportunity for wineries to advertise with little cost. California former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proclaimed September as â€Å"Wine Celebration Month†, also known as California Wine Month. This is another great way for wineries to get their name and wines out in the public. DiscoverCalifornaiWine. com states, â€Å"September is California Wine Month, and that makes it a fine time to enjoy a glass of California wine and a visit to wine country. September is harvest time in California and California Wine Month celebrates the state’s ideal climate for wine, beautiful wine country landscape, our talented and ingenious winemaking families, our celebrated lifestyle and cuisine; and our commitment to sustainability and the environment. † Another trend in the world of wine is sustainability and organics. Many vineyards around have become 100 percent sustainable and the numbers are growing. The new world culture is all about reducing our carbon and ecological footprint. So many wineries have actually capitalized on this idea. Wineries have begun to include their efforts at social responsibility in their advertising. Which caters to a growing market of consumers, as many people nowadays will only buy organic. Tolosa is a winery that has recently dedicated itself to sustainability and creating wine without harming the environment. One if their brochures stated that, â€Å"In August 2009 Tolosa converted to solar electrical generation. This system will provide the winery’s electrical energy for the next 25 years. CO2 emissions reduced by over 500 tons. This is equivalent to planting nearly 100 acres of trees. † Tolosa is one of the many wineries’ that has begun to capitalize on sustainability. The times have changed and so have marketing strategies of the wine industry. The wine industry is booming more than ever. Success in the wine industry is possible whether a company uses new or old marketing techniques. In this new age, the marketing department should focus on women and social media. As Tinckenell and Tincknell, a wine consulting and marketing firm, have written on the front page of their website MarketingWine. com, â€Å"If it doesn’t come from the heart, the message will be hollow. If you don’t imagine it first, someone else will. If it isn’t inspired and creative, it won’t get noticed. Each link in the marketing process — the heart, the mind, and creativity — communicates your story to the world. † Works Cited About Cork’d  « Cork’d Content. † Cork’d Content. Web. 20 June 2011. . â€Å"Discover California Wines : California Wine Month. † Discover California Wines : Welcome to Discover California Wines. Web. 20 June 2011. . The Changing Structure of the Global Wine Industry (2004). Michael Roberto. Salls, Manda. â€Å"Marketing Wine to the World — HBS Working Knowledge. † HBS Working Knowledge – Faculty Research at Harvard Business School. Web. 20 June 2011. .

Australia and China Tade Essay

China is a country located in East Asia. It is the world’s most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion. China is the fourth largest country in the world behind Russia, Canada, and the United States. Australia is a continent and a country in the Southern Hemisphere, lying to the south of Southeast Asia, which divides the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. The population of Australia is 23 million. In 2009 China surpassed Japan to become Australia’s largest export market, the Australian and Chinese economies are strongly complementary. As a result, our trade and investment relationship is substantial and has developed well beyond its modest beginnings in the 1970s. According to Australian statistics, two-way merchandise trade has grown from $113 million in 1973, just after the establishment of diplomatic relations, to $78.2 billion in 2009. China is Australia’s largest trading partner, with total trade (goods and services) in 2009 valued at $85.1 billion, an increase of 15.1 per cent over the previous year. Government and/or NGO Roles: The Australian Government established the Australia-China Council (ACC) in 1978 to promote mutual understanding and foster people-to-people relations between Australia and China. The Chairperson is appointed by the Executive Council on the recommendation of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, who also appoints the Board members. The function of the Council is to make recommendations to the Australian Government through the Minister for Foreign Affairs on strengthening the Australia-China relationship in ways that support Australia’s foreign and trade policy interests. The Australia China Business Council (ACBC) is a membership-based, non-profit, non-governmental organisation comprising of a National Office, six Branches, and more than 1500 representatives from over 700 Australian companies who do business with China. Founded in 1973, ACBC actively promotes two-way trade and investment, and economic cooperation and understanding, between the business communities of Australia and China. ACBC plays an influential role as an advisor to the Australian Government on commercial relations with China. They are a strong supporter of the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and China to foster more competitive business in both nations. Founded in Beijing in 1996, The China-Australia Chamber of Commerce’s (AustCham Beijing) overriding goal is to advance Australian Business in China. It functions to provide members with the information, resources and contacts they need to succeed in China. The Chamber maintains a good working relationship with the Australian Embassy and with the various Australian government departments in China. AustCham is a non-profit organization, which operates independently from government. It is funded entirely by their membership and Chamber activities. Together with their sister AustChams in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, they work to promote strong trade and investment links between Australia and China. Treaties and Agreements- formal and/or informal: On the 18th of April 2005, Australia and China agreed to commence negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) following consideration of a joint FTA Feasibility Study. The study was completed in March 2005, and concluded that there would be significant economic benefits for both Australia and China through the negotiation of an FTA. From April 2013, WESTPAC and ANZ banks will now be the first to directly trade Australian dollars into Chinese Yuan. Due to this fact, deepening of relationships between China and Australia, it signals deepening of trade connections and great opportunities for future growth.† Advantages and Disadvantages to Australia of this link: Advantages: Employment will increase in exporting industries and workers will be displaced as import competing industries fold (close down) in the competitive environment. With free trade many jobs have been created in Australia, especially in manufacturing and service industries Consumers benefit in the domestic economy as they can now obtain a greater variety of goods and services. The increased competitions ensure goods and services, are supplied at the lowest prices. Disadvantages: This can impact upon large numbers of workers, their families and local economies. Often it can be difficult for workers to find employment in growth industries and government assistance is necessary. This means that businesses, employees and consumers are more vulnerable to downturns in the economies of our trading partners. Future Direction of link: Australia and China share a strong and rapidly growing trade and economic relationship. Further strengthening and deepening this relationship is a major priority for both countries, with both governments committed to sustaining the impressive trade and investment performance achieved in the past two decades. In that time, China has become Australia’s largest two-way trading partner and vital to Australia’s future economic prosperity.

TM Forum Framework Overview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TM Forum Framework Overview - Research Paper Example It is a complete package that introduces improvement and agility in the on going business operations and processes. Considered for transformation of businesses into more effective and manageable forms, this framework is highly appreciated with its more that 700 members worldwide. The main and essential components of this framework include the Business Process Framework (eTOM), Information Framework (SID), Integration Framework (TNA) and Application Framework (TAM). These frameworks are described in the forth coming text below. The initial discussion is about a combined notion named New Generation Operation Support Systems (NGOSS). 2 - What is NGOSS? NGOSS can be thought of as a fully optimized, standardized, comprehensive and customized Operating System that curtails every possible needs of the business industry. Its like business industry’s own operating system that provides an extremely agile and streamlined way to implement the business processes and operations. It is desig ned by TM Forum and includes tools for all the stakeholders of a business. The objective is to introduce optimality and to expand the possible customized yet flexible and low cost solutions for software and Internet based infra structures of the business industry. This can also be considered as a comprehensive guidance system to develop business architecture, processes and maps. ... Figure 1.1 3a. eTOM (Enhanced Telecom Operations Map): The complexities in installing and running a network and the problems of filtering out the best and optimal practices are answered comprehensively through the TM Forum’s enhanced telecom operations map or standard business process framework. â€Å"The eTOM (enhanced telecom Operations Map, published by the TM Forum and the eTOM model describes the full scope of business processes required by a service provider and defines key elements and how they interact.† (Astimen) 3b. SID (Shared Information /Data Model): The information framework provides a standardized model to handle all the information processing needs of an organization. â€Å"SID is a unified reference data model providing a single set of terms for business objects in tele-communication. The objective is to enable people in different departments, companies or geographical locations to use the same term to describe the same real world objects, practices an d relationships.† (Astimen) 3c. TAM (Telecom Application Map): This application framework is designed to streamline the Business Support Systems (BSS) and Operation Support Systems (OSS) of an organization by providing a standard way of description and grouping of processes and functions. â€Å"TAM is one of the primary NGOSS artifact. It considers the role and functionality of the various applications that deliver OSS and BSS capability. Structured along the similar lines to other TM Forum NGOSS artifacts: the process framework – the eTOM and the information framework – the SID, it is presented in a similar layered and vertical structures.† (Astimen) 3d. TNA (Technology Neutral Architecture): This integration framework (NGOSS – TNA) defines

Technology Education relevant to Curriculum Methods Article

Technology Education relevant to Curriculum Methods - Article Example In addition, it is important to note that the instructional technology is very important in the curriculum and knowledge accumulation amongst the students. This is because, when the instructional technology is employed, the curriculum can be individualized to suit the specific learning styles of different students (Scherer, 2011). This improves learning in a broader perspective amongst students. This article plays a critical role in molding the technological learners to become persons of commendable reputation in their future careers. This is evident in the instructional system relevant to the curriculum methods (Scherer, 2011). The article is very important in strengthening the curriculum methods relevant to technology education. This relates a lot towards some of the strengths vested in the article. For example, the article equips the students with lots of knowledge of the principles as well as practices of teaching and learning relevant t the field of technology (Scherer, 2011). I n addition, the article has greatly succeeded in articulating relevant curriculum documents that are very important to the students. These comprise of the manner in which the article has succeeded in instilling into students the ability to generate plans for lessons, as well as units of work in association with the contents of the curriculum documents.

Business Strategy of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Business Strategy of Tesco - Essay Example Whereas the mission of the firm is the business where the company wants to operate and the customer base the firm will serve. These are the foundation stone of the company according to which the company implement its different strategies. Tesco’s vision statement is: ‘We talk about Every Little Helps a lot, but it's not just a catchphrase or marketing slogan, it represents everything we stand for. For our people and our customers, it's how we run our businesses from China to Chorley’ (Our vision and values, 2009). Core competence is the competitive advantages that a company posses to differentiate itself from the competitors which gives them an extra edge to be the market leader. These services or products should be: valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and not strategically substitutable (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2009, p. 18). The core value of Tesco is to take care of the customers. Earning lifetime loyalty of the customer and to create value for the customer i s their only value (Nwagbara, 2011, p.62). The company believes that no one in the industry tries as harder as they do to reach to the customers (Polytechnic Institute of New York University, 2011, p. 1). Being responsible to the community and the society in which they operate they always try to maintain good neighbourhood and always try to be a responsible member in the society. The brand image for its great quality products with diversified product line is the core competencies for the firm. Tesco’s Mission statement is single phrases which says it all and lets the world know the reason for their presence in the market: ‘Creating value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty’ (Mission statement for Tesco PLC, 2011). b) Stakeholder Analysis The sustainable... Center of discussion in this paper is Tesco as the global merchandise and grocery retail company. In respect of profit Tesco is considered to be the second largest retailer after Wal-Mart and by revenue it is the third largest after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. Tesco have its presence in over 14 countries including Asia, North America and also at Europe. Tesco headquarter is located at Hertfordshire and is the leading grocery market leader at UK capturing 30 % of the total market share. Apart from the core business areas the company is also located at Ireland, Malaysia and Thailand. Worldwide Tesco operates in over 2318 stores with 1878 stores located at UK only. With the success of self-service store of grocery Tesco was born from the amalgamation of Cohen and T.E. Stockwell. After a strong start the company stated expanding its business ranging from small retail stores to large supermarkets. With the diversification in household goods the brand became very popular in the mind of the peo ple. Tesco then entered into the petrol stations for selling fuels at a very competitive price and then also expanded into banking, financial services and products. The sustainable growth and well governed business policies of Tesco gives the belief to the investors to get a competitive return of their investments and their shareholdings. The main reason behind gaining the trust of the shareholders is due to the transparency in the company operation and they expect the implementation of robust strategies by the company in every business processes for the long term growth of the organization along with the shareholders.

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Critical Analysis - Essay Example An example in this regard is the decision made by Ali regarding a prostitute. Although the viewer expects that Ali being a sensible person will not indulge in a relationship with a prostitute; the film yet portrays the opposite and he brings her home. This is not in accordance to the expectations of a viewer, so the film surprises the viewer. Interestingly, the same prostitute then gets killed by Ali. Here again, the story takes a twist that is least expected by the viewer; so the viewer is again surprised. This does not stop here; later Ali is sent to jail and at this point Ali becomes a character of secondary importance, while new characters like Ali’s son and the prostitute’s daughter enter the movie. In addition to using surprise as the driving force of attention of viewers, the movie utilizes yet another technique i.e. the use of coincidences. Although, this technique is often utilized in many movies, the use of this technique in this movie is unique since coincidences in this movie almost never end in positive outcomes. The viewers experience one coincidence after the other; every time expecting to get to a happy outcome; but the theme of the movie proves otherwise. Although the movie takes into account two different cultures to allow the story to progress, the writer has successfully omitted the religious and cultural aspects to make possible a smooth progression of the story. Apart from the slide shades of cultural differences that were inevitable, the movie does not promote cultural and religious differences as the main themes. This is perhaps one of the main reason of the success of this movie on a worldwide scale. Interesting to note is the presentation of human life as a function of destiny. At many points in the story, the viewer is convinced about fate as the determining factor of major outcomes. An example is that of the beating that the

Ethnic differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic differences - Essay Example The ethnic differences in education are more visible between minority and majority ethnic groups. In Europe, where ethnic differences play a major role in education, different countries have different ethnic communities, for instance, Turks and Kurds can be found in Germany, North African in France, black Africans in united kingdom, Denmark and France and Pakistanis and people of Asian origin in Germany, France, Denmark and the united kingdom (Szalai, 2011). One of the features that the ethnic minority groups have is that they have higher than average fertility levels in comparison to the natives of the area that they are living in. Do instance, in Europe, most of the ethnic minorities who live there come from families with three or more children. In addition, most of the families from minority ethnic groups had an economic disadvantage since a large number of them could be categorised among the poorest members of the society. Most of the parents of minority ethnic groups have a simi lar trend in terms of their educational attainment in that most of them are either attained primary level education qualification or vocational education. In societies where there are clear ethnic majority and minority, the educational system is likely to show some signs of ethno-social segregation where it can occur at the system level, the school level or the class level. The school system can propagate ethnic differences in education where the pupils from different ethnic groups enrol in distinctive schools as a result of residential segregation; this type of segregation is very common in France and Germany. However, in some instances, the school systems may work against ethno-social segregation especially where schooling boundaries are set taking into consideration socio-ethnic composition and diversity. Some educational institutions also treat their students differently depending on their ethnic background, for instance, some institutions, are more diversity conscious, other di versity blind while others deliberately separate the students depending on their ethnic backgrounds. The segregation of students based on their ethnic background has affected the performance and attitudes towards education especially among the minority students. This is because all factors are usually to their disadvantage, for instance, most of the students from the ethnic minority communities also come from the lowest social classes in the country. In addition, this group also comes from the backgrounds where the parents are not that much educated or aware of their rights and they therefore prefer to take their children to schools that are within their reach financially or those that they will not be discriminated against. In most cases, these schools are among the poorest performing ones. The ethnic background of individuals may also affect their health; that is their levels of health consciousness or the type of diseases that they are likely to suffer from. Some cultures have di fferent perspective on certain diets, which have an impact on their health, for instance, Muslims and Jews, which are the most predominant lifestyles in the middle east, have restrictions regarding meat, for instance, they are not allowed to eat any products from pigs. Other practises from these cultures also include fasting, which depending on the

Communist manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communist manifesto - Essay Example Not only were the form of governments and personnel altered but the entire basis of government were changed leading to emergency of society encompassing gender roles, human rights, nationality, and social class. It is noted these revolutionary social and political trends continued and became established in the nineteenth century, manifested through nationalist and democratic uprisings and movements against foreign or arbitrary rule throughout Europe, in the campaign against slave trade and slavery in the transatlantic ocean, and in to some extend demanding gender equality (Weightman 2010, 23). Emergence of industrial revolution led to emergence of another wave which reinforced revolutionary dynamic. Social, economic, and political changes emerged at the end of 19th century sweeping across the globe. Industrial revolution led to advances to substitute inanimate and machine sources of power for replacement of domestic and craft guilds production and human labor by the reformulation of business into cartels or corporation and manufacturing systems of the factory. This approach was similar to the replacement of the feudal rulers with political revolutions with new forms of government establishment and election of leaders. Similarly, industrial revolution was analogical to political revolutions which were exemplified through increased involvement of citizens in the government. This was in the sense that the resulting organizational and technological changes led to an impressive increase in production resulting into industrial society’s economic growth (Anderson 2011, 21). Effects of industrial revolution were felt in regions such as United States, Belgium, France, and Germany leading to emergence of new manufacturing cities. As a result, new class differentiation emerged and a new form of labor was conceived such as the middle class and the skilled labor respectively. Nevertheless, industrial revolution gave birth to rampant exploitation of workers and unplan ned urbanization calling for government regulations and interventions. Responses were manifested through Public Health Boards, Poor Laws, and Factory Acts. Evolution of labor unions was as a result of workers gaining the rights to vote. Socialist movements emerged due to resistance of workers demands leading to Karl Marx reasoning that was presented in Communist Manifesto which claimed that capitalist revolutionary overthrow was the only means for workers to emancipate themselves. On the contrary, Americans and Europeans expanded their influence and power due to the technological, organizational, and financial resources. Colonization, military domination, economic encroachment in the non-industrialized states was mated by little resistance thus resulting into new imperialism (Anderson 2011 33). Property rights exalted enlightenment to the status of a bulwark of liberty. Power in the older Europe accompanied property; however, aristocratic rule was the inevitable belief that justifie d the power. It was believed that wealth was right given by God and the traditional Christianity was conceived to balance this wealth. Nevertheless, European civilization was profoundly affected by industrial revolution. Industrialists viewed themselves as creators of wealth. Significant movement was the gradual expansion of voters’ rights which was initially focused on the working men but later included the women. Economic security and independence was argued to be achieved through the perception of liberty. The conception was based on the notion that natural laws yielded freedom rather than the theological

The breed history of the angus cow Research Paper

The breed history of the angus cow - Research Paper Example (Philips). In Angus, there was always some breed of cattle. Angus is one of the countries of Scotland where almost the same climate was present round the year and thus helped to maintain and establish grass lands and cattle fields. The people of Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine, and Angus favored cattle fields and fishing through ages. The temperate climate and good crop helped the people to bring out some pure breeds. Origin: The studies have found that there were three breeds very famous in United Kingdom. They are Galloway, the Red Polled Norfolk and Suffolk and Aberdeen -Angus. The historians have also pointed out that hornless cattle feed were found to have occurred in Siberia before many centuries. In Egypt, at the ancient civilization period pictures are found to show some hornless cattle. (â€Å"Aberdeen-Angus review - Issues 31-36†) The Angus breed was done by many people at many stages, but the most successful breeder found in the history is Hugh Watson, a tenant of Keill or. He developed the specific Black Angus and improved it. He produced outstanding cattle with good quality and character. (Drymon). In the beginning the cattle’s were not of uniform color and they had varying color patterns and markings. The pure variety of Angus is the Black Angus. The black color and hornless cattle are found to have the dominant gene and hence it was chose for further breeds. In the scot land history Angus were called as homyl, humlies, doddies and humble. (Sanders). Breed foundation: Hugh Watson of Keillor recieved pure black cows and a bull form his father and during that summer he also visited cattle markets of Scotland and purchased heifers which showed some characteristics of Angus cattle. Then he started his breeding. He concentrated on the color of the bull. He chose black bulls for his breed and the cows were of different colors. (â€Å"The Aberdeen-Angus herd book Volume 26†). Some of the best famous cow and bull produced by Hugh Watson we re Old Granny and Old Jock. Old Jock was awarded the number #1 in the herd book. Old Jock was bred in the year 1842. The bull was used in the cattle from 1843 to 1852. Old Jock was awarded the Sweepstakes for bulls at Perth in the year 1952 at the Highland Society Show. (American Angus Association). Old Granny another famous cow of Angus cattle was considered as the mother of Angus cattle. She produced 29 calves and out of them, 11 were registered in the Herd Book. The Angus cattle race has the traces of either Old Jock or Old Granny. The existing animals are considered to be the pedigrees of Old Jock or Old Granny. (MacDonald). (American Angus Association). Improvement of the Angus: After the heavy contribution of Hugh Watson for the establishment of the Angus cattle race in the world, it was William Mc Combie who preserved and improved the Aberdeen Angus breed. Mc Combie brought in many improvements in the Angus cattle race because of his foreseeing plan, good management and his e xcellent success ring in the shows. He brought the pure bred to the world with great improvement in breeding classes. His best achievement is the production best beef producing cattle. Black Prince, his best Angus breed, was showed in Burmingham and Smithfields and won many prices in the year 1867. He received many prizes in the International Exposition held at Paris. He won the first prize of $500 in the Paris Exhibition in the year 1878. He has won more than 500 prizes in the

Relative resource manager (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relative resource manager (HRM) - Essay Example In context of the modern day businesses, human resources are also considered as one of the chief sources to reward a with company competitive benefits in the long run (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). It is in this context that preparation of reflective summaries or reflective logs can prove to be beneficial in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a learner and further obtain a structured planning to utilize the skills obtained. With a similar view, I would intend to develop a reflective log based on my learning in relation to HRM practices. I would initially construct a brief description of my learning through the module and further depict my expectations and goals to implement the learning obtained in my professional career through the discussion henceforth. Learning Obtained from Coursework Based on my learning in this module, I can state that the principles of HRM attempt to specify human resources of any organisation as its asset and therefore, assist the leaders in directing the workforce towards a determined goal on the basis of shared values. It is in this context that various theorists have been arguing human resources to play a fundamental role in organisational success and thus, should be deal with efficiency in terms of its allocation. It is also regarded as one of the crucial managerial tools, which plays an effective role in implementing changes in relation to the policies of the company issues related with the deliverance of the product in an effective and productive way (Chandramohan, n.d.). As per my learning, for any organization to be successful, utilizing the skills of the human resource with cost effectiveness is quite significant. I have learnt that companies should be quite particular while recruiting human resources or manpower to contribute to the organisational success. HRM holds an important role in supervising the employees in any company. In this regard, I learnt that the doctrine of HRM encompass various range of activities includin g recruitments, appraisals, rewards and training facilities among others which are solely aimed at the development of employee productivity and organizational sustainability on the whole. It is in this context that being an HR manager is certainly not any easy task. Apart from monitoring each individual employee’s productivity and characteristics to manage them efficiently, HR managers also need to take into account various aspects such as the legal influences, employees’ requirements, their satisfaction, their development as well as similar other factors which tend to impose a direct impact on employees’ performances and thus, cause an effect on the overall organizational competencies (Vijayaragavan & Singh, n.d.; University of California, n.d.). It is very important for the companies now-a-days to develop its operations in a manner that will reward competitive advantages to it over the existing rivals companies. In this regard, HRM strategies play an imperativ e role by assisting with the systematic management of human resources in the company. Moreover, I have also learnt from my study that every individual as an employee always desire for equal compensation and benefits in accordance with their

Communication Styles Essay Example for Free

Communication Styles Essay What is Communication and Communication Styles? Communication according to Webster Dictionary is defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriem-Webster). Communication can be verbal and in this day in age text and email. Communication styles are the behaviors in communication that are observed by others. This paper will discuss communication, the four types of communication styles, why communication styles matter and how to improve on them. Four Types of Communication Styles The four types of communication styles include passive, passive aggressive, assertive and assertive. Below you will find the definitions of each: * The Passive Style: Communication is done in an apologetic, timid manner that leads to being disregarded by others. * The Passive Aggressive Style: This style is similar to the passive style in that they hide their real thoughts in feelings but in turn will express these thoughts and feeling indirectly through often negative actions. (e.g. talking behind backs, causing conflicts indirectly, â€Å"getting even† in an indirect manner) (Dr. D. A. Williams and Dr. M. Carey). * The Aggressive Style: This style is characterized by an individual being argumentive, threatening, fighting, and having a tendency to interrupt during conversing. Individuals who communicate in this style have no problems with standing up for themselves and communication just how they feel. * The Assertive Style: This style is the healthiest and most balanced communication style. This style is characterized expression of feelings, self-pride, and self-regard, while at the same time being considerate of others (Dr. D. A. Williams and Dr. M. Carey). Communication styles that can lead to problems are: the aggressive style, the passive style, and the passive-aggressive style (Dr. D. A. Williams and Dr. M. Carey). The disadvantages to the passive communication style you are unable to express your true thought and emotions in the fear of rejection, being misunderstood. These types of communicators often go throughout life feeling out of control, depressed, anxious and little self esteem because they are unable to effectively able to communicate their needs. These types of communicators are often taken advantage of by others because they come off so timid. Those who have an aggressive communication have a tendency to alienate others because of their aggressive style of communication. The aggressive communicator uses belittlement, humiliation, and overall overbearing demeanor to control a conversation and get their message across. Passive aggressive communicators also alienate others. They are often left feeling resentful and powerless because they do not communicate their feelings and allow them to bottle up resulting in anger, stress. Often time’s passive communicators cause conflict with those in their lives because they tend to communicate negative feelings sublimely through their actions. Individual who use an assertive style is far more well adjusted because they have the ability to effectively communicate their thoughts and feelings while considering the feelings of others. Why Do Communications Styles Matter? Having the ability to communicate effectively is very important. The style or way in which we communicate effects the relationships we have throughout life and how others view you. In order to succeed in a career one must be able to communicate effectively. More than ever before, the ability to communicate well determines an employees ability to thrive in todays workplace (Kapusta, M. Ph. D). These people are always in demand (A prime example of this is the recent debate between Mitt Romney and President Obama. During the first debate Romney often interrupted the moderator and the President; he seemed to be communicating in an aggressive style. Those in the media reported that he was not looked upon well by some because of it. Improving Communication Skills In order to improve on your communication styles one must identify your communication style, identify problematic situations, and given you have some areas that could be improved, practice changing your communication skills style (Dr. D. A. Williams and Dr. M. Carey). Many are just not aware of or never even thought about what their communication style is. If you realize that you communicate in a more aggressive style just simply try and be more aware of your tone, body language, and listening skills. If one is educated on this subject and understands the components of all four of the communication styles as with anything else, practice makes perfect. Conclusion As previously stated your communication style can either enhance or negatively affect many aspects of your life. Being able to communicate effectively will avoid conflict and misunderstanding with those around you. Beyond just being aware of your personal communication style and practicing to improve there are several other ways in which you can improve in this area. There are classes available in public speaking and communication and interpersonal skills. So be self aware and ask for feedback from others, your relationships and even your career depends on it. References Dr. D. A. Williams and Dr. M. Carey. Getting the Most Out of Your Interactions with Others.: Use effective communication. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/painresearch/patients/Communication.pdf Kapusta, M. Ph. D. Why Communication Matters. Retrieve from http://www.studentaffairs.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/PDFsandForms/OCC/WhyCommunicationMatters.pdf Merriem-Webster Dictionary. Communication Definition. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/common \

Experiences Of Ducati In Supply Chains

Experiences Of Ducati In Supply Chains Ducati Company was using lean production during their changing of supply chain management. Lean production include wide variety of management practices such as just in time which is mention in the case study, quality management, works teams, cellular manufacturing, supplier management and integrated systems. The main practice of lean production is to create a streamlined, high quality management that will produce finish product without wasting and satisfy customer needs (Shah and Ward, 2003, pg.129-149). Ducati Company can save cost and time by using lean. Based on the case study, measures of quality have increased 70 percent. The Toyota Production System (TPS) [as in Herron and Hickss study (as cited in S. Spear and K. H. Bowen, 1999, p.97-106)] was developed in Japan by Ohno and Shingo and forms the basis of lean manufacturing. Other companies such as Toyota also using lean production. Toyota Company focused on minimizes waste in all of its operation. Toyota could not afford the high capital-intensive mass production that used in USA (Herron and Hickss, 2008, pg.524-531). Besides, Toyota Company used Kaizen, cellular manufacturing, synchronous manufacturing, poka-yoke, standardize working and work place organization to reduce the waste in production [as in Herron and Hickss study (as cited in J. Bicheno, 2000)]. Based on case study, Ducati revamped its supply chain in operation turnaround. By using the turnaround, it was significantly reduce the inventory lead times, better performance, and more space and minimize waste on resource and increase productivity and quality of goods.[as in Herron and Hickss study ( as cited in S. J. Pavnaskar, J. K. Gershenson and A. B. Jambekar, 2003, pg.3075-3090)]. In 1996, the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) Herron and Hickss study (as cited in SMMC, 2006) was supported by Honda, Nissan, Toyota, General Motors and Volkswagen ( Herron and Hickss, 2008, pg.524-531). They are also using supply chain management. This means that this company had learned from Ducati how important of supply chain management. Investments in supplier development teams was establish by japans car manufacturers, as in Herron and Hickss study (as cited in M. Sako, 2004, pg.281-308)]. Supplier had been train in how to manufacturing in best practices and been promoted the dissemination of lean manufacturing in supply chain (Herron and Hickss, 2008, pg. 524-531). Nissan transferred lean expertise to its UK plant in Sunderland from Japan with three nominal levels of abstraction which are Kaizen, skill control, 5S/5C and standard operations, autonomous maintenance, just-in-time and systematic problem solving and total quality management (TQM) and benchmarking. This transfer had taken 20 years with training for employees and high level of support in UK. Nissan and the IF provided NEPA with the master engineers who provided expertise in lean manufacturing (Herron and Hickss, 2008, pg. 524-531). Total quality management was a multi-dimension concept that focuses on quality, techniques and instruments for controlling quality (Anderson et al., 1994; Dean and Bowen, 1994; Flynn et al., 1995; Garvin, 1984 and Garvin, 1987; Saraph et al., 1989; among others).During 1970s, Total Quality Management was around for a long period, and it was practices and industrial adaptation in the US. Japanese automobile also focus on their product and reliability. Toyota Company, by using the Toyota-system, focuses on lean production, just in time and quality control through their product. (Lee, H.L and Whang, S, 2005, pg. 289-300). Ducati also use total quality management to control its own motorcycle quality. Elements in the TOM, the well-known quality pioneers (Deming, 1986 and Juran, 1986) pointed out that how important top management leadership, which can be considered as the most influential TQM element, affects other elements of the organization (Anderson et al., 1995 and Flynn et al., 1995; cf. Kaynak, 2003). Top management was an important element because it was the leader that makes decision by using which techniques to run the production. By using the quality elements can lead the company to produce high quality product by using low cost. Changing organization strategy in order to implement TQM practices is that top management is very important (Hamlin et al., 1997 and Ho et al., 1999; cf. Kaynak, 2003). Besides that, employee involvement and empowering is essential elements in making continuous improvement. It is because this can lead employee to work harder and involving in the change process, and they wont resist to change [ as in Jung, J. Y and Wang, Y. J. (as cited in Flynn et al, 1995 and Handfield et al., 1998; cf. Kaynak, 2003)]. Next is long term based relationship with supplier. For instance, supplier partnerships are key elements for TQM [as in Jung, J. Y and Wang, Y. J. (as cited in Kaynak, 2003 and Trent and Monczka, 1999)]. Other company had learned that by using the relationship with supplier and customer is the elements key for success in TQM, it is because that have a good relationship we can understand what the customer needs and wants and supplier can satisfy their need and wants. Six Sigma implementation aims at improving customer satisfaction, by mean of improved processes capability (as in Brun, 2010). Six sigma are tools to improving customers satisfaction of the company product. Based on the case study, Ducati production volume has increased more than threefold, from 12000 motorcycles a year to more than 40000 a year when they revamped their supply chain management. 2. To achieve result such as those at Ducati, how important is the free flow of information among members of a companys supply chain? Explain. Based on the case study, Ducati had to involve its supply chain partner in the operational turnaround because 92 percent of the cost of a typical motorcycle was come from the companys supply chain. Ducati need to transfer the culture and the technique for creating a lean and efficient supply chain to their supplier. As Ducati consider their suppliers to be an extensions of Ducati which connected them via the web to accelerate the flow of information. Information free flow involves sharing information across company boundaries with supply chain member and it is needed since organization is unable to generate all their required resource internally. Therefore interact with other organization that controls their critical resources allow them to compete effectively in their environment [as in Samaddar, Nargundkar and Daley study (as cited in Yuchtman and Seashore, 1967, pg.891-903)]. According to (Towill, 1996; Towill and Mason-Jones, 1997; Mason-Jones and Towill, 1999a; Towill et al., 2000, 2002) decision makers need a depend big picture of the process so they can manage the supply chain as one single company, to minimum uncertainty updated feed forward and feedback information flow coupled with optimal decision making. When information is shared in between supply chain networks, it can result a more efficient flow of goods and services (Anand and Mendelson, 1997), reduced inventory level, and lower costs (Yu, Yan and Cheng, 2001, pg.114-119), which benefits the overall network. Since Ducati is linking their suppliers that are as close as a few block away as well as many that are scattered around Europe and as far as Japan, they can exchange information such as production planning, part price list, invoices and quality report. Limitation of information in the supply chain will lead to unnecessary inventory investment, poor customer services, wrong capacity allocation, reduce revenue and missed production (Lee, Padmanabhan, and Whang, 1997, pg. 93-102). According to (P.Fiala, 2004, pg.419-423) information exchange is a very important issue for coordinating actions. If member of the supply chain have free flow information it can reduced their lead time of information such as orders, demand and capacity forecast, point-of-sale data for the whole supply chain. (Lee, So and Tang, 2000, pg.626-643) Find the benefits of sales information sharing and identified the drivers that have significant impacts. Manufacture obtains larger inventory or cost reduction when the demand is highly associated if the lead time is long. Eventually customer will receive a higher quality, cost-effective product in a shorter amount of time. In addition, Ducatis new supply chain management processes that support information-sharing activities aim to support data sharing and communication between supply chain partners which allow the company reduced the bullwhip effect. Plan along the supply chain and coordinating information can control Bullwhip effect and improve their supply chain performance (Lee, Padmanabhan, and Whang, 1997, pg. 93-102). Besides, information sharing enhances the agility of firms while improved the stability and performance of the whole supply chain. According [as in Hsu, Chiu, Chen and Liu study (as cited in Li et al., 2006, pg.18-21)], the importance of sensible information and quantified the impact of upstream disorder on supply chain. When received information from other member of the supply chain, everything remain the same except other than receive an order from the previous supply chain member but also receives end users demand for the current period ( Dejonckheere, Disney, Lambrecht and Towill,2004, pg.727-750). Refer to [as in Samaddar, Nargundkar and Daley study (as cited in Yuchtman, Sahin and Robinson, 2002, pg.505-536)] information can flow along the supply chain in sequence, within orders posed by each supply chain members or it may be share by them. Free flow information can be achieved by using information and communication technologies based tools which allow supply chain members to get information at the real time with accurate information on the point of sale demand to allow them to forecast replenishment needs inventory need and eliminate under or overestimated orders and inventories (Pendroso and Nakano, 2009, pg. 376-384). Information sharing allows better planning and coordination of the supply chain [as in Welker, Vaart, and Donk study (as cited in Koh and Saad, 2006, pg.545-554)]. Moreover, information sharing is an important aspect on assimilation and collaborative inter-organizational relationship (Huang, Lau and Mak, 2003, pg.1483-1571). Ordering process is a function related to the information sharing and it is important to process in the supply chain [as in Welker, Vaart, and Donk study (as cited in Bertrand et al., 1990; Gustin et al., 1995; Parente, 1998; Scho ¨ nsleben, 2004; Stadtler and Kilger, 2002)].Supply chain management can make better decision on the ordering process, production plan and capacity allocation therefore the supply chain dynamics can be optimized (Huang, Lau and Mak, 2003, pg.1483-1571). Furthermore, information free flow is important because partnership always formed so that individual can share unique information (Hsu, Chiu, Chen and Liu, 2009, pg.101-121). There should be levels of information sharing for mutual benefits and cooperation (Christiansen, Rohde and Hald, 2003, pg.23-30). For example, companies share data with suppliers to reduce cost and bargaining also increase efficiency. 3. What barriers exist to the free flow of information among the members of a companys supply chain, and what can managers do to overcome those barriers? There are a few barriers exist to the free flow of information among the members of a companys supply chain. First of all, workers are required to move parts long distances for no reason because the companys flow of materials through the factory was inefficient (Scarborough, N. M., Wilson, D.L., Zimmerer, T.W., 2009, pg.630). Besides that, Ducati are forced to trim its roster of vendors to 175 because some suppliers simply refused to participate (Scarborough, N. M., Wilson, D.L., Zimmerer, T.W., 2009, pg.630) Generally, vertically linked organisations from raw material sources to end users includes in supply chain (ANU H. BASK1* JARI JUGA2, 2001, pg.138). Supply Chain Management is known as a wider concept covering all business processes between these organisations (Bowersox et al., 1999; Cooper et al., 1997a; Lambert et al., 1998). Good supply chain management will define who will stay and who will leave the market (Martins Laugeni, 2002). There is a downstream flow of material from the factory via the factory warehouse, the distributor and the retailer to the customer (Bernhard J. Angerhofer, Marios C. Angelides, pg.343). Orders flow upstream and there is a delay associated with each echelon in the chain, representing, for instance, the production lead-time or delays for administrative tasks such as order processing (Bernhard J. Angerhofer, Marios C. Angelides, and pg.343). Forrester Supply Chain or Forrester Model is a simple four-level supply chain which is consisting of factory, a warehouse, a distributor and a retailer (Bernhard J. Angerhofer, Marios C. Angelides, pg.343). Forester effect or bullwhip effect is a common problem to those who deal with supply chain management. According to (Lee, Padmanabhan, Whang, 1997, pg. 93-102), this effect occurs when there is a lack of coordination among the elements of the supply chain at the moment when there is a variation in the quantity demanded by the final client, with the reactions of suppliers tending to be amplified at each passage upstream through the chain. All of them react increasing or diminishing the orders differently from what is really necessary, seeking to protect themselves. The lack of coordination felt mainly by the Forester effect is caused by two reasons which are the different stages of the supply chain has conflicting objectives, and the information sent among the different stages suffers delays and distortions according to Chopra Meindl (2001). Managers can overcome those barriers by implementing shorter delivery times, more reliable delivery promises, fewer schedule disruptions, lower stock levels, fewer quality problems and stable prices which are offered by Integrated Supply Chain Management (Christopher, 1998). Besides that, System Dynamics is a computer-aided approach for analysing and solving complex problems with a focus on policy analysis and design. Previously System Dynamics is known as Industrial Dynamics. Industrial Dynamics defined as the study of the information feedback characteristics of industrial activity to show how organizational structure, time delays in decision and actions interact to influence the success of the enterprise and amplification in policies (Forrester 1961). Industrial Dynamics treat the interactions between the flows of information, money, orders, materials, personnel, and capital equipment in a company, an industry, or a national economy. The application of System Dynamics Modelling to Supply Chain Management has its roots in Industrial Dynamics (Forrester 1958, 1961). The Forrester Model is a model of a production-distribution system. This model is described in terms of six interacting flow systems which are the flows of information, materials, orders, mon ey, manpower, and capital equipment. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an emerging technology intended to complement or replace traditional barcode technology to identify, track, and trace items automatically (Zaheeruddin Asif, Munir Mandviwalla, 2005, pg.393). The drive toward adopting RFID is being further enhanced by mandates from large retailers such as Wal-Mart and Target, and the US Department of Defense, who require all suppliers to implement this technology within the next few years ( Zaheeruddin Asif, Munir Mandviwalla, 2005, pg.394). RFID is claimed to add intelligence to and to minimize human intervention in the item identification process by using electronic tags. The tags are significantly different from printed barcodes in their capacity to hold data, the range at which the tags can be read, and the absence of line-of-sight constraints (Zaheeruddin Asif, Munir Mandviwalla, 2005, pg.393). RFID can be used to reduce labour costs, reduce out-of-stock supply chain cost, reduction in theft, improved trac king through warehousing and distribution centres and reduced inventory holding and carrying costs (Zaheeruddin Asif, Munir Mandviwalla, 2005, pg.393). A key goal of supply chain management is greater speed and cost effectiveness (Lee, 2004, pg. 102-112) Marketing tends to focus on pricing, customers, and product. An RFID-enabled integrated supply chain will likely lead to greater speed and perhaps, over time, lower costs. However, speed and cost are the relatively easy and obvious goals of RFID enabling a supply chain. Lee et al. (1997, pg. 93-102) propose information sharing, channel alignment and operational efficiency as strategies to counteract the bullwhip effect. Sterman (1989, pg.345) presents a generic model of a stock management system which forms the basic structure in an environment for a decision-making experiment. This generic stock management structure is applicable to Ducati such as raw material ordering, production control, or at a macroeconomic level, the control of the stock of money. The physical stock and low structure of the system, and the decision rules used to control the system are parts of the model. Ducatis managers could use the Beer Game (Sterman 1984, pg.345) to conduct an experiment on managing a simulated industrial production and distribution system. The Beer Game presents a multi-echelon production distribution system, containing multiple actors, non-linearities, feedbacks and time delays throughout the supply line. Ducatis managers can include top management commitment; cross-functional teams with feedback between management and staff, and the use of new information systems to overcome the barriers to the free flow of information (Bernhard J. Angerhofer, Marios C. Angelides, pg.344).Time compression strategies based on simulation allow to predict supply chain performance improvements ( Towill, 1996b, pg. 15-27.) Ducatis managers can over the barriers by using re-engineering strategies which are reduction in all lead-times such as material, information and cash-flows, elimination of time delays in decision points and provision of marked information to all upstream decision makers. Collaborative management envisages the reduction of negative consequences of the bullwhip effect or the lack of coordination in supply chains. It can be said that the main objective of collaborative management is to obtain, by means of shared planning, a greater precision in sales forecasts and replenishment for all in the chain. As a result, it is possible to decrease the inventory along the supply chain and obtain better service levels that in turn tend to result in sales increases and cost reductions (Skjoett-Larsen, Thernoe, Andresen, 2003, pg.531-549). According to Retzlaff-Roberts Nichols (1997, pg.69-78), simulation offers an effective analytical tool for organizations that need to measure the performance of a cycle time in the environment of supply chains. For Pedgen, Shannon, Sadowski (1995), simulation is the process of projecting a computer model of a real system and conducting experiments with this model with the purpose of understanding its behaviour and/or evaluating strategies for its operation. In this way, simulation models of supply chains may be used to study several processes that may comprise factories, distribution centres, and transport systems, among others (Miller Pegden, 2000, pg. 63-66.). Supply chain simulation is used in decision taking in the case of implementing a new supply chain, or for performing modifications to existing chains. These changes may be classified in two categories which are structural and operational. Structural decisions affect the supply chain in long terms; however, operational decisions affect the supply chain in short terms. Simulation may be used as a tool to assist decision taking in both cases (Pundoor, 2001). According to Maria (1997, pg.7-13), Pedgen, Shannon, Sadowski (1995), Banks, et al., (2002, pg.1652-1658), and Chang Makatsoris (2001, pg. 24-30), simulation assists the understanding of the entire process and characteristics of the supply chain by means of graphics and charts. Simulation has the capacity to capture data for analysis. Users may model unexpected events in certain areas and understand the impact of these events to the supply. The risk inherent to changes in planning can be diminished drastically by simulation. Several alternatives may be tested by users before making the change to planning. Stimulation can be used to investigate the impact of changes due to a greater demand for components of the supply chain. Relations between suppliers and other components of the supply chains can be used to rationalize the number and size of order lots, using as a basis the total of costs, quality, flexibility and responsibilities. Opportunities can also be used to diminish the var ieties of product components and standardize them throughout the supply chains.

Childish Adults in 20th Century Irish Literature Essay -- Literary Ana

In modern Ireland, women are having children less than they were a few decades ago. This fact is illustrated within modern Irish literature. Children are scarce in William Trevor’s Reading Turgenev and in Edna O’Brien’s Wild Decembers. Both stories follow the struggles of adult Irish relationships that aren’t complicated with the task of raising children during the time of the plot. While the children are rarely anywhere to be found, many characters act like they are children when they supposed to be mature adults. Both novels portray adults as if they are childish. Trevor’s Reading Turgenev doesn’t introduce any characters that are children, but the adults in the story act more like children. Throughout the book, children do show up now and again, but they are merely memories of the characters in their youth. Mary Louise Dallon is usually pictured as a young girl by her old school teacher, Miss Mullover. Mary Louise’s husband, Elmer Quarry, is also mentioned as a child through his own flashbacks and memories. The schoolhouse in the town that Mary Louise, her siblings, and Elmer and his sisters were taught at by Miss Mullover is gone from the town. The only child that we are told about is Mary Louise’s sister Letty’s son and the readers don’t ever get to see him. Mary Louise is the biggest example of an adult acting more like a child. Mary Louise marries Elmer and the couple never have children of their own. The couple never consummate the marriage and Mary Louise will forever have her â€Å"innocence† like a child. Reading Turgenev constantly refers to Elmer as a man, Mary Louise is always considered to be just a girl. This word choice gives the reader the feeling as if Mary Louise is young, not old enough to be considered a woman... ...a for her. Breege, O’Briens most mature character in the story, even shows a childish side of herself. After Breege meets Rosemary, Bugler’s girlfriend, she has a sort of meltdown. Breege gets so upset she crawls into a nativity scene. It’s symbolic that Breege is crawling into the scene. The nativity scene is a scene of birth and Breege is reverting from walking, to crawling, maybe trying to get back to the state of birth. She would want to be in this state because she could be carefree and not have to worry about Bugler’s relationship. Any one person can take a guess at the deeper meaning of these novels. The only thing the reader knows for sure is that in these 20th century Irish novels, children are nowhere to be found. It’s obvious that both O’Brien and Trevor sacrificed using children in their novels to make their adult characters stand out that much more. Childish Adults in 20th Century Irish Literature Essay -- Literary Ana In modern Ireland, women are having children less than they were a few decades ago. This fact is illustrated within modern Irish literature. Children are scarce in William Trevor’s Reading Turgenev and in Edna O’Brien’s Wild Decembers. Both stories follow the struggles of adult Irish relationships that aren’t complicated with the task of raising children during the time of the plot. While the children are rarely anywhere to be found, many characters act like they are children when they supposed to be mature adults. Both novels portray adults as if they are childish. Trevor’s Reading Turgenev doesn’t introduce any characters that are children, but the adults in the story act more like children. Throughout the book, children do show up now and again, but they are merely memories of the characters in their youth. Mary Louise Dallon is usually pictured as a young girl by her old school teacher, Miss Mullover. Mary Louise’s husband, Elmer Quarry, is also mentioned as a child through his own flashbacks and memories. The schoolhouse in the town that Mary Louise, her siblings, and Elmer and his sisters were taught at by Miss Mullover is gone from the town. The only child that we are told about is Mary Louise’s sister Letty’s son and the readers don’t ever get to see him. Mary Louise is the biggest example of an adult acting more like a child. Mary Louise marries Elmer and the couple never have children of their own. The couple never consummate the marriage and Mary Louise will forever have her â€Å"innocence† like a child. Reading Turgenev constantly refers to Elmer as a man, Mary Louise is always considered to be just a girl. This word choice gives the reader the feeling as if Mary Louise is young, not old enough to be considered a woman... ...a for her. Breege, O’Briens most mature character in the story, even shows a childish side of herself. After Breege meets Rosemary, Bugler’s girlfriend, she has a sort of meltdown. Breege gets so upset she crawls into a nativity scene. It’s symbolic that Breege is crawling into the scene. The nativity scene is a scene of birth and Breege is reverting from walking, to crawling, maybe trying to get back to the state of birth. She would want to be in this state because she could be carefree and not have to worry about Bugler’s relationship. Any one person can take a guess at the deeper meaning of these novels. The only thing the reader knows for sure is that in these 20th century Irish novels, children are nowhere to be found. It’s obvious that both O’Brien and Trevor sacrificed using children in their novels to make their adult characters stand out that much more.

Ambiguities Explored in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays

Ambiguities Explored in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature is never interpreted in exactly the same way by two different readers. A prime example of a work of literature that is very ambiguous is Joseph Conrad's, "Heart of Darkness". The Ambiguities that exist in this book are Marlow's relationship to colonialism, Marlow's changing feelings toward Kurtz, and Marlow's lie to the Intended at the end of the story.    One interpretation of Marlow's relationship to colonialism is that he does not support it. Conrad writes, "They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now,-nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom" (p. 27-28). Marlow says this and is stressing that the so-called "savages", or Africans, are being treated and punished like they are criminals or enemies when in fact they never did anything. He observes the slow torture of these people and is disgusted with it. Marlow feels sympathy for the black people being slaved around by the Europeans but doesn't do anything to change it because that is the way things are. One can see the sympathy by the way that he gives a starving black man one of his biscuits. "To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no moral purpose at the back of it than there is in burglars breaking into a safe" (p. 54). This statement by Marlow conveys th at he doesn't believe that the Europeans have a right to be stripping Africa of its riches. He views the Jungles of Africa as almost it's own living, breathing monster.    It is evident that Marlow is one of the few white men on the journey that questions the belief at the time that the natives of Africa are "inhu... ...ch open up the readers mind. Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness", raises many questions about society and the human potential for evil.    Works Cited and Consulted:       Conrad, Joseph.   Heart of Darkness 3rd Ed.   Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York:   Norton Critical, 1988.    Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983) 13.    Hillman, James. "Notes on White Supremacy: Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events," Spring (1986): 29-57.    McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992.    Meyers, Jeffrey.   Joseph Conrad.   New York:   Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.    Patrick Brantlinger, "Heart of Darkness: Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism?" Criticism (Fall, 1985) 364.     

Psytrance and the Spirituality of Electronics :: Electronic Music

Psytrance and the Spirituality of Electronics Electronic music is generally broken into techno, house, trance, hardcore, breakbeat, and ambient music, along with affiliated smaller genres that float between categories, like trip-hop, electro, IDM, and others. Ambient is easily recognized by its separation from dancing, which is normally manifested in slower tempos and less distinct rhythms. Breakbeat (of which drum'n'bass makes up most of the faster genres, while there are slower genres as well) is distinguished by an emphasis on ways of dividing a bar of 4/4 time other than the standard one. (Notably, there is a focus on the second half of the third beat, though this comes about in various different beat patterns.) Hardcore (an important subset of which is called â€Å"happy hardcore†) is distinguished by its extremely fast tempos (generally over 160 bpm) in 4/4 time. House is distinguished by its focus on the second and fourth beats of 4/4, though it also shares many stylistic characteristics with disco, funk, and other popular musics, that help distinguish it from trance and techno. Of these, techno is generally not as fast (around 100-120 bpm) and tends to be more minimalistic, while trance is more melodic. House and trance are by far the most popular genres of electronica, though house tends to be more popular in clubs and trance more popular at the parties often known as â€Å"raves†.1 Within trance, psytrance is distinguished by its generally higher tempo (135-145 bpm), more focus on sixteenth notes and exotic scales, and most noticeably, through the use of general sounds other than percussion and pitched sounds. Stylistic traits2 Formal features: Tracks tend to be between 6 and 12 minutes long, with most clustering around 7 or 8 minutes. Most of the tracks begin with about 30 seconds of very atmospheric sounds. These introductions convey some suggestion of the beat (but definitely not the bass drum), but in the tracks I have analyzed here, they are more beat-less than usual, and last much longer than usual, since several are the first tracks of their albums. Sometimes, there is a return to this ambient sound at the end of the track, but it is generally not as long. Between this introduction and conclusion, the body of the track has two halves. The first introduces the major thematic material, while the second rearranges it, sometimes altering the bass. Most of the themes are eventually layered onto one another at the end of each of these halves, creating two climaxes.

Sojourner Truth Essay

Sojourner Truth was born in 1797 on the Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh estate in Swartekill, in Ulster County, a Dutch settlement in upstate New York. Her given name was Isabella Baumfree, also spelled Bomefree. She was one of 13 children born to Elizabeth and James Baumfree, also slaves on the Hardenbergh plantation. She spoke only Dutch until she was sold from her family around the age of nine. Isabella suffered very cruel treatment once her first master died and she was sold to her next master, John Neely.Neely’s wife and family only spoke English and beat Isabella fiercely for the frequent miscommunications. She learned to speak English quickly, but she still had her Dutch accent. She later spoke up and said that Neely once whipped her with â€Å"a bundle of rods, prepared in the embers, and bound together with cords. † During this time that she began praying aloud when she became scared or hurt. In 1815, she fell in love with a slave named Robert. Robert's owner forb ade the relationship because he did not want his slave having children with a slave he did not own.One night Robert visited Isabella, but was followed by his owner and son, who beat him savagely, bruising and mangling his head and face, and dragged him away. She never got to see him again. Isabella had a daughter shortly thereafter, named Diana. In 1817, she was forced to marry an older slave named Thomas. They had four children: Peter, James, who died young, Elizabeth, and Sophia. In 1799, the state of New York began to legislate the gradual abolition of slaves, which was supposed to happen July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised Isabella freedom a year before the state emancipation if she would do well and be faithful.However, he reneged on his promise. She continued working until she felt she had done enough to satisfy her sense of obligation to him. She then escaped with her infant daughter, Sophia. Isabella went the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagenen. Dumont found her and demanded h er to go back. When she refused he threatened to take her baby. Isaac offered to buy her services for the remainder of the year. Dumont accepted his offer for $20. Isaac and Maria insisted Isabella not call them â€Å"master† and â€Å"mistress,† but by their names.Once Isabella heard about her son she immediately set to work retrieving her young son Peter. He had recently been sold illegally to a slave holder in Alabama. She took it to the court and won. She was one of the first African Americans to win a court case. Isabella had a life-changing religious experience and became inspired to preach. In 1829, she left Ulster County and became known as a remarkable preacher, whose influence was miraculous. She soon met Elijah Pierson, a religious reformer who advocated strict adherence to Old Testament laws for salvation.In 1834, Pierson had died and the Folger family accused Isabella of stealing their money and poisoning Elijah. Everything was eventually acquitted. Isabel la settled in New York City, but she had lost what savings and possessions she had. She resolved to leave and make her way as a traveling preacher. On June 1, 1843, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. She traveled, depending on the kindness of strangers. She began dictating her memoirs to Olive Gilbert. The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave was published privately by William Lloyd Garrison in 1850.It gave her an income and increased her speaking engagements. She spoke about anti-slavery and women's rights, often giving personal testimony about her experiences as a slave. That same year, 1850, Benson's cotton mill failed and he left Northampton. In 1854, at the Ohio Woman's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave her most famous speech, with the legendary phrase, â€Å"Ain't I a Woman? † During the Civil War, she spoke on the Union's behalf, as well as for enlisting black troops for the cause and freeing slaves.In 1864, she worked among freed slaves at a g overnment refugee camp on an island in Virginia and was employed by the National Freedman's Relief Association in Washington, D. C. She also met President Abraham Lincoln in October. In 1863, Harriet Beecher Stowe's article â€Å"The Libyan Sibyl† appeared in the Atlantic Monthly; a romanticized description of Sojourner. In 1870, she began campaigning for the federal government to provide former slaves with land. She pursued this for seven years. In 1874, she developed ulcers on her leg. She was successfully treated by Dr.Orville Guiteau, veterinarian, but had to return home due to illness once more. She did toured as much as she could, still campaigning for free land for former slaves. In 1879, Sojourner was delighted as many freed slaves began migrating west and north on their own. She spent a year helping refugees and speaking in white and black churches trying to gain support for the â€Å"Exodusters† as they tried to build new lives for themselves. This was her la st mission. In July of 1883, with ulcers on her legs, she sought treatment through Dr. John Harvey Kellogg at his famous Battle Creek Sanitarium.It is said he grafted some of his own skin onto her leg. Sojourner returned home and died there on November 26, 1883, at 86 years old. She was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery next to her grandson. WORK CITIED Pauli, Hertha Ernestine. Her Name Was Sojourner Truth. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962. Slave Narratives. NY: Library of America, 2000. Stetson, Erlene, and Linda David. Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1994. http://www. biography. com/people/sojourner-truth-9511284 http://www. harpyness. com/2009/02/09/honoring-sojourner-truth-1797-1883/

Internet as a Threat to Old Media

b atomic number 18 net as a flagellum to doddery media Introduction Just a few clicks on the mouse and a whole origination of in information formattingion ar available for free. The internet, whilst largely contri scarceing to declining peeleds story, c deviceridges and withstands sales, f tot everyy the percentage of advertising on TV and wireless receiver receiver, increase of internet piracy and under-the-counter downloading of films and music. lucre displace at least(prenominal) provide a huge imaginativeness for journalist, authors, musicians, photographers, producers, editors, directors and alone information workers.On the otherwise progress to, audiences and users of media primarily s work on believe on old media as they gain their information and engender subsequently latest countersign (which alter normal opinion) from old media because they trust it and rely on its credibility when they compare it with internet . they sentiment that internet is the world of rumors. http//technorati. com/ engineering science/it/clause/do-you-see-the-internet-as/ixzz16VrHKY7B Background Books pen with words was invented by the Sumerians (s turn outhern Iraq) or so five thousand geezerhood ago (c. 3100 BC). As far as we k presently it derived from symbols used for the keeping of accounts many four hundred years earlier.At inaugural, writing was restricted to inscriptions, e. g. on stone, seals, brooches, and containers. The Sumerians then demonstrable baked clay tablets, which back tooth be regarded as the beginning(a) daybooks. These were soon followed by the papyrus rolls of the Egyptians, do from a works native entirely to the Nile Valley. The tralatitious refreshing-fangled form of the book is called the codex. Meanwhile melodic theme was invented in China as advance(prenominal) as 105 AD, and was at showtime prompt from bark and hemp. This paper substantial to a high standard, and paper-making afterward dispel to Japan (c. 10 AD), and then to the Arab world a eagle-eyed the Silk Road, via Samarkand in Central Asia. The Arabs introduced paper into Europe via Spain. liberate Printing was a nonher(prenominal) Chinese invention. However such paradiddle type did appear in Korea forwards developing quite self-directedly in Europe. A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenbergs publish from cast surface type (c. 1450 AD). However this was still hand composed on a in general wooden domain press. This still relied on forgiving power to operate. A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.An Ameri provide, Richard Hoe, invented the blistering rotary press in 1846. Printing raced pull ahead ahead when the automatonthe likes of formation of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor. Lithography was long used to soft touch pictures for books. From this method came the judgement for graduation open in 1904 the starting line offset press appeared. In offset mental picture the method of relief opinion from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in galore(postnominal) countries. That was only the beginning of the new-fashioned printing revolution.From 1968 data processors became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam varyence of stored digital information. Gradually printing worldwide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear. The Digital Revolution This replace led to the irony that a serial of advanced digital electronic processes like a shot produced the traditional analogue material book. It was only a matter of time onward the logical conclusion would be raddled that books could exist in a stringently electronic form.Moreover such books could incorporate new possibilit ies undreamed of in the printed codex book. For example, they could be secondly updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds word-painting and even a dictionary, and interact now with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information. The advent of digital book reads excessively meant that traditional somatic books could now be printed individually as required from a stored computer file (Print on Demand, or POD), rather than in the traditional large print runs.This meant two that books could be cheaper in general, and that it was financially operational to print them in control add up for a more restricted readership than before. So rather than immediately displacing the printed codex, the advent of the digital book meant that the physical book could now flourish as never before. At the same time this change prepared the ground for a decisive coming(prenominal) day day shift towards electronic reading. Dawn of the e-Book The electr onic book (e-book), existing as a virtual entity stored in a digital file, began to emerge in its own almighty in the last years of the twentieth century.Like many new technologies it suffered from technical develop troubles, ineffective or inappropriate marketing, mercenary rivalries that slowed its progress, and initial public scepticism or indifference. Gradually however the electronic book became capable of being read from an increasing variety of devices, and its vast potential began to be more widely understood. It became clear that the e-book would recreate the next leap forward in the onward march of the book. While it can simply represent traditional texts it can overly become a overlying and interactive multimedia experience.Indeed the book of the future could even be spontaneously assembled from nonuple sources for peculiar(prenominal) educational or sport purposes, by a single reader or group. The e-book therefore holds the promise of adding an new degree of flexibility to the c one timept of the book. The book is one of humanitys roughly enduring ethnic artifacts and treasures. As it evolves, the greatest threat to its future is therefore not from technical advances scarce from the danger of new generations losing the inclination to read.The world power to read and write is our greatest ray of light in education, and, apart from the family, the single or so important medium existing for the infection of humors and the continuance of an evolving human culture. http//www. e-book. com. au/bookhistory. htm Newswritten document Were it leftfield to me to decide whether we should perk up a regime without document, or newspapers without a regimen, I should not hesitate a moment to pick out the latter. -Thomas Jefferson, 1787. The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience sledding back some five centuries.In reincarnation Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, ev anescent along information about everything from wars and scotch conditions to social customs and human wager features. The first base printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400s in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when some event worthy of notice occurred.The first successively published title was The distributor pointical Newes of 1622. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. Fo In America the first newspaper appeared in capital of Massachusetts in 1690, authorise Publick Occurrences. Published without authority, it was immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies were destroyed. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, begun by postmaster John Campbell in 1704. Although it was firmly subsidized by the colonia l government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation.Two more papers made their appearing in the 1720s, in Philadelphia and New York, and the after part Estate slowly became established on the new continent. In 1783 there were cardinal newspapers in print. The press played a vital mathematical function in the personal matters of the new nation, representing all shades of political opinion. The ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 at last guaranteed of freedom of the press, and Americas newspapers began to take on a central role in national affairs. Growth act in every state.In the Jacksonian populist 1830s, advances in printing and papermaking engineering science led to an magnification of newspaper growth, the emergence of the Penny pressure it was now possible to produce a newspaper that could be sold for swell a cent a copy. Previously, newspapers were the duty of the wealthy, literate minority. This sudden availability of cheap, arouse reading material was a solid stimulus to the achievement of the n earlyish ecumenical literacy now taken for granted in America. In the 1850s powerful, giant presses appeared, able to print ten thousand realised papers per hour.At this time the first pictorial hebdomadary newspapers emerged they featured for the first time coarse illustrations of events in the news, as woodcut engravings made from correspondents sketches or taken from that new invention, the photograph. Reporters, called specials, became the darlings of the public and the idols of youngsters everywhere. Many accounts of battles turned in by these intrepid adventurers stand today as the definitive histories of their subjects. Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years. By the 1890s the first circulation figures of a million copies per numeral were recorded.At this point appeared the features of the modern newspaper, bold superior headlines, extensive use of illustrations, funny pages, summation expanded coverage of organized degenerate events. The rise of yellow journalism also marks this era. This is also the age of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers were swallowed up into powerful chains with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were rock-bottom to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints.By the 1910s, all the essential features of the recognizably modern newspaper had emerged. radio receiver and goggle box have gradually supplanted newspapers as the nations unproblematic information sources, so it may be difficult initially to appreciate the role newspapers. not complete http//www. historicpages. com/nprhist. htm, Phil Barber, 03/08/2010 Magazines The term magazine is mainly acknowledged to have come into usage with the publication in the 1730s of the adult males Magazine by Edward Cave. Its commence was to entertain with stories of crime and romance.It soon be popular, not only if for sale but for rental in public houses, cocoa houses and barber shops. Magazines were more affordable than newspapers because printing technology allowed mass production. Taking their cue stick from America, British publishers produced all-fiction magazines such as romantic Confessions and similar penny dreadfuls. General stakes magazines such as Answers, Titbits (Tit Bits from all the roughly Interesting Books, Periodicals and Contributors in the World), Home Chat, odd Cuts and Pearsons Weekly were also staggeringly popular. The early 20th century adage new styles of magazine such as Readers Digest hich include edited versions (digests) of articles and stories. International editions followed the same formula, later developing subscription as a mean of ensuring a place in the rivalrous magazine market. Life magazine which traded on the quality of its pictures in a period when photography was ac cepted as an art form and photojournalism was regarded as a inwardness of social commentary. Life used the motto To see life, to see the world to watcher great events to watch the faces of the poor and the gestures of the rarified to see strange things.It had many imitators (or, mayhap more kindly, admirers) such as range of a function Post and Illustrated in Britain and Paris chalk up and Stern in Europe. The end of the endorse World War saw new titles emerged to satisfy the needs of increasingly pixilated consumers who now had business and technical interests as well as expanding leisure pursuits. Interestingly, the emergent broadcast media peculiarly goggle box were accommodated by the magazine industry that began to produce publications which include listings, reviews and background material.Later spin-offs would include comics base on video recording characters, and magazines dedicated to specific topics or programmes such as BBC Wildlife and Gardeners World. A wind vane search will reveal the extremity to which the big companies have other interests, particularly media interests other than publishing magazines. The Guardian Media kick the bucket contains details of the turn ups run by all the main players in the publishing business. Ezine is an electronic newsletter or magazine. Ezine could reside on a website, intranet trunk or be sent byout any net income, including the largest network the Internet.The key to success for the big companies is the advertising revenue generated by magazines, and the ability of specific interest magazines to provide clearly-defined target audiences. Not that there is complete freedom to publish any material that will cod money there are laws and regulations that affect magazines just are there are for other media forms. 2000 The Media excrete edited by Steve Peak and capital of Minnesota Fisher (Fourth Estate) 2001 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and capital of Minnesota Fisher (Fourth Estate) EzineArticles. om Lance Winslow, Expert creator , 18 Jul 2006 A decade on the streets Simon Rogers and Xan Brooks, in Media Guardian September 10 2001 http//www. mediaed. org. uk/posted_documents/Magazines. html Radio Radio owes its evolution to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as wireless telegraph. It started with the discovery of radio waves electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through the air.Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves including radio, microwaves, cordless phones, far cont furled toys, telecasting broadcasts, and more. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash message (morse code) used in a telegraph. Transmitters at that time were called spark-gap machines. It was unquestionable mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. lee Deforest invented musculus quadriceps femoris telegraphy, the triode amplifier and the Audion.In the early 1900s, the great requirement for further development of radio was an efficient and thin detector of electromagnetic radiation. The result of Lee DeForests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio that allowed for a multitude of radio sets. Online radio cyclosis was born in the 90s as a solution for the music industry to reinvent itself or as a solution for activists. WXYC is the first traditional radio station to announce transmit on the Internet. The term internet radio isnt just about live streaming on the internet but can also be an archive site with audio files.Online radio can be a terrestrial radio station that broadcasts to a bigger market, or an independent internet-only operator that is just starting. Web radio stations are a good solution for new markets, delivering independent music that lis teners cant hear on regular radio. The vantage of internet radio serve is that its services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world. Internet radio is distributed most often via streaming, in audio formats like mp3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio and others. http//www. radiobunch. com/online-radio-history. html, http//inventors. bout. com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio_2. htm , Mary genus Bellis picture In the late 1800s, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a student in Germany, actual the first ever mechanical mental faculty of television. He succeeded in sending images through wires with the help of a rotating metal dish antenna. This technology was called the electric telescope that had 18 lines of resolution. In 1923, an American inventor called Charles Jenkins used the disk idea of Nipkow to invent the first ever operable mechanical television system. From 1926 till 1931, the mechanical television system saw many innovations.Although the discoveries of these men in the subdivision of mechanical television were very innovative, by 1934, all television systems had converted into the electronic system, which is what is being used even today. In 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth was able to invent a works model of electronic television that was based on Swintons ideas. His experiments had started when he was just a little boy of 14 years. By the time he became 21, Philo had created the first electronic television system, which did away with the rotating disks and other mechanical aspects of mechanical television.Thus was born the television system which is the basis of all modern TVs. In 1948 there were early tests of cablegram television in the rural rural area of Lansford, PA. In 1956 the Ampex quadruplex videotape replaced the kinescope making it possible for television programs to be produced anywhere, as well as greatly up the visual quality on home sets. In 1957 the beginning(a) practical remote control, invented by Robert Adler and called the Space Commander, was introduced by Zenith.. This Golden Age of television also saw the establishment of several authoritative technological standards.These included the content Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standards for black and white (1941) and colouring material television (1953). In 1952 the FCC made a key determination, via what is known as the sixth Report and Order, to permit UHF transmit for the 1st time on 70 new channels (14 to 83). This was an essential ending because the Nation was already running out of channels on viral haemorrhagic fever (channels 2-13). That decision gave 95% of the U. S. television markets three VHF channels each, establishing a pattern that generally continues today.Thus the Golden Age was a period of intense growth and expansion, introducing many of the television accessories and methods of distribution that we take for granted today. 1962 brought the 1st transatlantic reception of a television signal via the TELSTAR satellit e. High definition television (high-definition television) was also introduced during this period. In 1981 NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting company, demonstrated their 1,125 line HDTV system to the Society of Motion word-painting and Television Engineers at their Winter assembly in San Francisco.In 1994 HDTV standards were established and a plan for the transition from analog to digital transmission of television programming has been rolled out throughout the decade. Not complete http//www. thehistoryoftelevision. com/ , Geno Jezek, 2006 http//www. fcc. gov/omd/history/tv/1990-today. html internet The Internet has become such an intrinsical part of our lives, with such powerful capabilities, that it is easily to forget that this technological marvel was created by the long, hard, dedicated efforts of human beings folks who had a vision of what universal networking could become and worked to make it happen.The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a question conclave, each of which changed the way we scene about technology by accurately predicting its future Vannevar Bush wrote the first utopian description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the memex automated library system. Norbert andiron invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to center on on the use of technology to spend human capabilities. The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first sobering consideration of the consequences. Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interrelated by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US death chair Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race.ARPA appointive J. C. R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the quick-scented program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to look at Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was essential to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969.The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrocks research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbarts center at the Stanford Research Institute. The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the meshwork Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and t ransferred to the NSFNET.The NSFNET was soon machine-accessible to the CSNET, which joined Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSFs enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. And here we are. http//www. livinginternet. com/i/ii. htm