Internet as a Threat to Old Media

b atomic number 18 net as a flagellum to doddery media Introduction Just a few clicks on the mouse and a whole origination of in information formattingion ar available for free. The internet, whilst largely contri scarceing to declining peeleds story, c deviceridges and withstands sales, f tot everyy the percentage of advertising on TV and wireless receiver receiver, increase of internet piracy and under-the-counter downloading of films and music. lucre displace at least(prenominal) provide a huge imaginativeness for journalist, authors, musicians, photographers, producers, editors, directors and alone information workers.On the otherwise progress to, audiences and users of media primarily s work on believe on old media as they gain their information and engender subsequently latest countersign (which alter normal opinion) from old media because they trust it and rely on its credibility when they compare it with internet . they sentiment that internet is the world of rumors. http//technorati. com/ engineering science/it/clause/do-you-see-the-internet-as/ixzz16VrHKY7B Background Books pen with words was invented by the Sumerians (s turn outhern Iraq) or so five thousand geezerhood ago (c. 3100 BC). As far as we k presently it derived from symbols used for the keeping of accounts many four hundred years earlier.At inaugural, writing was restricted to inscriptions, e. g. on stone, seals, brooches, and containers. The Sumerians then demonstrable baked clay tablets, which back tooth be regarded as the beginning(a) daybooks. These were soon followed by the papyrus rolls of the Egyptians, do from a works native entirely to the Nile Valley. The tralatitious refreshing-fangled form of the book is called the codex. Meanwhile melodic theme was invented in China as advance(prenominal) as 105 AD, and was at showtime prompt from bark and hemp. This paper substantial to a high standard, and paper-making afterward dispel to Japan (c. 10 AD), and then to the Arab world a eagle-eyed the Silk Road, via Samarkand in Central Asia. The Arabs introduced paper into Europe via Spain. liberate Printing was a nonher(prenominal) Chinese invention. However such paradiddle type did appear in Korea forwards developing quite self-directedly in Europe. A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenbergs publish from cast surface type (c. 1450 AD). However this was still hand composed on a in general wooden domain press. This still relied on forgiving power to operate. A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.An Ameri provide, Richard Hoe, invented the blistering rotary press in 1846. Printing raced pull ahead ahead when the automatonthe likes of formation of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor. Lithography was long used to soft touch pictures for books. From this method came the judgement for graduation open in 1904 the starting line offset press appeared. In offset mental picture the method of relief opinion from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in galore(postnominal) countries. That was only the beginning of the new-fashioned printing revolution.From 1968 data processors became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam varyence of stored digital information. Gradually printing worldwide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear. The Digital Revolution This replace led to the irony that a serial of advanced digital electronic processes like a shot produced the traditional analogue material book. It was only a matter of time onward the logical conclusion would be raddled that books could exist in a stringently electronic form.Moreover such books could incorporate new possibilit ies undreamed of in the printed codex book. For example, they could be secondly updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds word-painting and even a dictionary, and interact now with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information. The advent of digital book reads excessively meant that traditional somatic books could now be printed individually as required from a stored computer file (Print on Demand, or POD), rather than in the traditional large print runs.This meant two that books could be cheaper in general, and that it was financially operational to print them in control add up for a more restricted readership than before. So rather than immediately displacing the printed codex, the advent of the digital book meant that the physical book could now flourish as never before. At the same time this change prepared the ground for a decisive coming(prenominal) day day shift towards electronic reading. Dawn of the e-Book The electr onic book (e-book), existing as a virtual entity stored in a digital file, began to emerge in its own almighty in the last years of the twentieth century.Like many new technologies it suffered from technical develop troubles, ineffective or inappropriate marketing, mercenary rivalries that slowed its progress, and initial public scepticism or indifference. Gradually however the electronic book became capable of being read from an increasing variety of devices, and its vast potential began to be more widely understood. It became clear that the e-book would recreate the next leap forward in the onward march of the book. While it can simply represent traditional texts it can overly become a overlying and interactive multimedia experience.Indeed the book of the future could even be spontaneously assembled from nonuple sources for peculiar(prenominal) educational or sport purposes, by a single reader or group. The e-book therefore holds the promise of adding an new degree of flexibility to the c one timept of the book. The book is one of humanitys roughly enduring ethnic artifacts and treasures. As it evolves, the greatest threat to its future is therefore not from technical advances scarce from the danger of new generations losing the inclination to read.The world power to read and write is our greatest ray of light in education, and, apart from the family, the single or so important medium existing for the infection of humors and the continuance of an evolving human culture. http//www. e-book. com. au/bookhistory. htm Newswritten document Were it leftfield to me to decide whether we should perk up a regime without document, or newspapers without a regimen, I should not hesitate a moment to pick out the latter. -Thomas Jefferson, 1787. The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience sledding back some five centuries.In reincarnation Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, ev anescent along information about everything from wars and scotch conditions to social customs and human wager features. The first base printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400s in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when some event worthy of notice occurred.The first successively published title was The distributor pointical Newes of 1622. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. Fo In America the first newspaper appeared in capital of Massachusetts in 1690, authorise Publick Occurrences. Published without authority, it was immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies were destroyed. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, begun by postmaster John Campbell in 1704. Although it was firmly subsidized by the colonia l government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation.Two more papers made their appearing in the 1720s, in Philadelphia and New York, and the after part Estate slowly became established on the new continent. In 1783 there were cardinal newspapers in print. The press played a vital mathematical function in the personal matters of the new nation, representing all shades of political opinion. The ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 at last guaranteed of freedom of the press, and Americas newspapers began to take on a central role in national affairs. Growth act in every state.In the Jacksonian populist 1830s, advances in printing and papermaking engineering science led to an magnification of newspaper growth, the emergence of the Penny pressure it was now possible to produce a newspaper that could be sold for swell a cent a copy. Previously, newspapers were the duty of the wealthy, literate minority. This sudden availability of cheap, arouse reading material was a solid stimulus to the achievement of the n earlyish ecumenical literacy now taken for granted in America. In the 1850s powerful, giant presses appeared, able to print ten thousand realised papers per hour.At this time the first pictorial hebdomadary newspapers emerged they featured for the first time coarse illustrations of events in the news, as woodcut engravings made from correspondents sketches or taken from that new invention, the photograph. Reporters, called specials, became the darlings of the public and the idols of youngsters everywhere. Many accounts of battles turned in by these intrepid adventurers stand today as the definitive histories of their subjects. Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years. By the 1890s the first circulation figures of a million copies per numeral were recorded.At this point appeared the features of the modern newspaper, bold superior headlines, extensive use of illustrations, funny pages, summation expanded coverage of organized degenerate events. The rise of yellow journalism also marks this era. This is also the age of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers were swallowed up into powerful chains with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were rock-bottom to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints.By the 1910s, all the essential features of the recognizably modern newspaper had emerged. radio receiver and goggle box have gradually supplanted newspapers as the nations unproblematic information sources, so it may be difficult initially to appreciate the role newspapers. not complete http//www. historicpages. com/nprhist. htm, Phil Barber, 03/08/2010 Magazines The term magazine is mainly acknowledged to have come into usage with the publication in the 1730s of the adult males Magazine by Edward Cave. Its commence was to entertain with stories of crime and romance.It soon be popular, not only if for sale but for rental in public houses, cocoa houses and barber shops. Magazines were more affordable than newspapers because printing technology allowed mass production. Taking their cue stick from America, British publishers produced all-fiction magazines such as romantic Confessions and similar penny dreadfuls. General stakes magazines such as Answers, Titbits (Tit Bits from all the roughly Interesting Books, Periodicals and Contributors in the World), Home Chat, odd Cuts and Pearsons Weekly were also staggeringly popular. The early 20th century adage new styles of magazine such as Readers Digest hich include edited versions (digests) of articles and stories. International editions followed the same formula, later developing subscription as a mean of ensuring a place in the rivalrous magazine market. Life magazine which traded on the quality of its pictures in a period when photography was ac cepted as an art form and photojournalism was regarded as a inwardness of social commentary. Life used the motto To see life, to see the world to watcher great events to watch the faces of the poor and the gestures of the rarified to see strange things.It had many imitators (or, mayhap more kindly, admirers) such as range of a function Post and Illustrated in Britain and Paris chalk up and Stern in Europe. The end of the endorse World War saw new titles emerged to satisfy the needs of increasingly pixilated consumers who now had business and technical interests as well as expanding leisure pursuits. Interestingly, the emergent broadcast media peculiarly goggle box were accommodated by the magazine industry that began to produce publications which include listings, reviews and background material.Later spin-offs would include comics base on video recording characters, and magazines dedicated to specific topics or programmes such as BBC Wildlife and Gardeners World. A wind vane search will reveal the extremity to which the big companies have other interests, particularly media interests other than publishing magazines. The Guardian Media kick the bucket contains details of the turn ups run by all the main players in the publishing business. Ezine is an electronic newsletter or magazine. Ezine could reside on a website, intranet trunk or be sent byout any net income, including the largest network the Internet.The key to success for the big companies is the advertising revenue generated by magazines, and the ability of specific interest magazines to provide clearly-defined target audiences. Not that there is complete freedom to publish any material that will cod money there are laws and regulations that affect magazines just are there are for other media forms. 2000 The Media excrete edited by Steve Peak and capital of Minnesota Fisher (Fourth Estate) 2001 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and capital of Minnesota Fisher (Fourth Estate) EzineArticles. om Lance Winslow, Expert creator , 18 Jul 2006 A decade on the streets Simon Rogers and Xan Brooks, in Media Guardian September 10 2001 http//www. mediaed. org. uk/posted_documents/Magazines. html Radio Radio owes its evolution to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as wireless telegraph. It started with the discovery of radio waves electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through the air.Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves including radio, microwaves, cordless phones, far cont furled toys, telecasting broadcasts, and more. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash message (morse code) used in a telegraph. Transmitters at that time were called spark-gap machines. It was unquestionable mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. lee Deforest invented musculus quadriceps femoris telegraphy, the triode amplifier and the Audion.In the early 1900s, the great requirement for further development of radio was an efficient and thin detector of electromagnetic radiation. The result of Lee DeForests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio that allowed for a multitude of radio sets. Online radio cyclosis was born in the 90s as a solution for the music industry to reinvent itself or as a solution for activists. WXYC is the first traditional radio station to announce transmit on the Internet. The term internet radio isnt just about live streaming on the internet but can also be an archive site with audio files.Online radio can be a terrestrial radio station that broadcasts to a bigger market, or an independent internet-only operator that is just starting. Web radio stations are a good solution for new markets, delivering independent music that lis teners cant hear on regular radio. The vantage of internet radio serve is that its services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world. Internet radio is distributed most often via streaming, in audio formats like mp3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio and others. http//www. radiobunch. com/online-radio-history. html, http//inventors. bout. com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio_2. htm , Mary genus Bellis picture In the late 1800s, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a student in Germany, actual the first ever mechanical mental faculty of television. He succeeded in sending images through wires with the help of a rotating metal dish antenna. This technology was called the electric telescope that had 18 lines of resolution. In 1923, an American inventor called Charles Jenkins used the disk idea of Nipkow to invent the first ever operable mechanical television system. From 1926 till 1931, the mechanical television system saw many innovations.Although the discoveries of these men in the subdivision of mechanical television were very innovative, by 1934, all television systems had converted into the electronic system, which is what is being used even today. In 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth was able to invent a works model of electronic television that was based on Swintons ideas. His experiments had started when he was just a little boy of 14 years. By the time he became 21, Philo had created the first electronic television system, which did away with the rotating disks and other mechanical aspects of mechanical television.Thus was born the television system which is the basis of all modern TVs. In 1948 there were early tests of cablegram television in the rural rural area of Lansford, PA. In 1956 the Ampex quadruplex videotape replaced the kinescope making it possible for television programs to be produced anywhere, as well as greatly up the visual quality on home sets. In 1957 the beginning(a) practical remote control, invented by Robert Adler and called the Space Commander, was introduced by Zenith.. This Golden Age of television also saw the establishment of several authoritative technological standards.These included the content Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standards for black and white (1941) and colouring material television (1953). In 1952 the FCC made a key determination, via what is known as the sixth Report and Order, to permit UHF transmit for the 1st time on 70 new channels (14 to 83). This was an essential ending because the Nation was already running out of channels on viral haemorrhagic fever (channels 2-13). That decision gave 95% of the U. S. television markets three VHF channels each, establishing a pattern that generally continues today.Thus the Golden Age was a period of intense growth and expansion, introducing many of the television accessories and methods of distribution that we take for granted today. 1962 brought the 1st transatlantic reception of a television signal via the TELSTAR satellit e. High definition television (high-definition television) was also introduced during this period. In 1981 NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting company, demonstrated their 1,125 line HDTV system to the Society of Motion word-painting and Television Engineers at their Winter assembly in San Francisco.In 1994 HDTV standards were established and a plan for the transition from analog to digital transmission of television programming has been rolled out throughout the decade. Not complete http//www. thehistoryoftelevision. com/ , Geno Jezek, 2006 http//www. fcc. gov/omd/history/tv/1990-today. html internet The Internet has become such an intrinsical part of our lives, with such powerful capabilities, that it is easily to forget that this technological marvel was created by the long, hard, dedicated efforts of human beings folks who had a vision of what universal networking could become and worked to make it happen.The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a question conclave, each of which changed the way we scene about technology by accurately predicting its future Vannevar Bush wrote the first utopian description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the memex automated library system. Norbert andiron invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to center on on the use of technology to spend human capabilities. The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first sobering consideration of the consequences. Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interrelated by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US death chair Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race.ARPA appointive J. C. R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the quick-scented program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to look at Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was essential to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969.The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrocks research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbarts center at the Stanford Research Institute. The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the meshwork Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and t ransferred to the NSFNET.The NSFNET was soon machine-accessible to the CSNET, which joined Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSFs enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. And here we are. http//www. livinginternet. com/i/ii. htm